Friday, May 22, 2020

(35) Faith and religion

The basic thesis of reformational philosophy concerning religion is that it is as broad as life itself and does not designate some limited area of life, or even something optional.  God is just as close to us in our ordinary life as when we are involved in what often gets referred to as the ‘religious’ moments of life. Our working and our resting are just as much given to us by God as our praying and reading the Bible. In this sense religion involves our full existence Coram Deo. It can be understood as being one side of the covenantal relationship. The primary side involves God’s relation to us. God calls us into existence and sets us a task in the world, to reflect God’s goodness to the world as image bearers. This task comes to us also as a command, that is the great love command, to love God with all our heart, soul, strength, and secondly to love our neighbours as ourselves. From our side we answer this call and command, that is the secondary side of the covenant and is religion. In this way religion can be said to have two basic directions; true and false religion, which is to say, the holding to and the breaking of the covenant. What is important to note is that as the response side of our relationship to God religion helps us to consider the covenantal relationship between the Creator and His creation. This relationship is not a connection that has its basis in some region of the cosmos, it is rather a “transcosmic” relationship, as Vollenhoven has put it. This is because although as creatures we belong to the cosmos God as creator does not. This has implications for the way we think philosophically about God and creation since it has been common to include both within being and so within ontology, the study of being.

We have said that the most characteristic feature of humanity is the religious centrality of humankind(§ 32).  Religion is not something to be added to, or taken on, by human nature but is integral. This is sometimes referred to as direction in distinction from structure (§5).  Direction concerns the opposition between good and evil, obedience to the true God which must struggle against disobedience and orientation towards false gods. This opposition occurs in humans and since it has to do with the direction of human life, with good and evil, it is not to be found in entities, nor are they modal functions. To find the proximate origin of good and evil we must look to that which directs these functions for good and evil. It is with the discovery of the Biblical conception of the heart we arrive at the central issue of our lives as humans.

In reformational philosophy a distinction is made between faith, as one modal function, and religion as the whole person in response to God. Faith is built into the order of creation as an irreducible and universal human function (§ 16).  It is therefore a function common to all people.  As such, it is not something additional that only Christians or ‘religious’ people have, something special, mystical or irrational. We recognise "faith" in the sense, primarily, of an active function of the person in the sense of "believing".  It is taken to be that last modal aspect to which all previous aspects anticipate and which therefore also refers back to all the other modal aspects.  Whether someone is Christian or not, or whether they hold to a religion or not, everybody possesses faith.  This is so because believing belongs to the structure of human life which, in spite of important differences in realization, is the same for all. Faith is not identical with the heart, but is determined by the heart in its direction towards good or evil, i.e. in obedience to the law of love or not. In other words: the whole person is religious, and our life is a walk before the face of God in obedience or disobedience, faith is one avenue of expression of religion.  Also since faith is part of the structure of being human it is not something that was lost with the fall and therefore is not something that must be added on as a gift of grace, rather grace restores our faith life to the correct direction of believing God’s Word.

Another important facet that must be understood is that faith is not just a matter of the individual.  As with the other functions of being human faith finds its expression in community with others, in this way it is possible to speak of faith-communities.  Just as the heart must be distinguished from the faith function, so too the church as a faith community with its local and regular meetings must be distinguished from the body of Christ which is a religious community that must find its expression in all the activities of being human.  The faith community is the subject-subject relation of the faith aspect. Our faith-life also has its typical objects such as the sacraments (§ 23). The sacraments remain what they are as subjects, not being active in the faith function, however they are taken up into human faith life and become a sign and seal to serve as a proclamation of what God has done.  Since the faith aspect comes last it refers back to all the other modal aspects.  There is the joy and sorrow of faith, its thinking and knowing, its sacrifice, and its trust etc. Faith-life has its own distinctive law which is a norm, that is to trustingly believe in every word that comes from God. Just as we need to analytically discern the elements of God’s revelation and understand the meaning expressed in the words of scripture so we need to trustingly believe the promises it contains.  While the Bible functions in all the modal aspects, whether as subject or object, it is only with true faith that it can become the bread of life that sustains us in service of God and neighbour.

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